Nematicidal activity of Haplophyllum tuberculatum and Plectranthus cylindraceus oils against Meloidogyne javanica

The potentials of Haplophyllum tuberculatum and Plectranthus cylindraceus oils to control Meloidogyne javanica were investigated in vitro and in a greenhouse. A mixture of Haplophyllum and Plectranthus oils (1:1) was highly toxic to M. javanica in vitro, as it killed all nematode juveniles and inhibited hatching of eggs at 12.5 μg/ml concentration after 24 h exposure time, as did carbofuran at the same concentration. In the green-house, tomatoes grown in soil treated with a combination (1:1) of the two oils developed fewer root galls than those grown in soil treated with higher doses of either oil. The oil mixture, at 2.5 and 5.0 μg/ml of soil, was not phytotoxic to tomato plants as evident from the appearance and height of plants after 12 weeks exposure time, compared to treatment over the same period at lower effective doses. The nematicidal activity of the combined essential oils was suggested by the presence of C₁₀ dienes, C₁₀ trienes and C₁₀ phenol.     

利用微生物及微生物农药杀灭钉螺的初步研究

从洞庭湖血吸虫疫区土壤中分离出两种微生物 :紫红链霉菌Streptomycesviolaceoruber和自养黄色杆菌Xan thobacterautotrophics,将两菌进行培养 ,用稀释 10 0 0倍的培养液杀螺 ,结果表明 :处理 72h后 ,对钉螺的杀螺率分别为90 %、85 % ;BT生物杀虫剂、科诺特杀螟 5 5 %杀苏可性湿粉剂、科诺蔬丹 1.5 %苏阿可湿性粉剂、科诺千胜BT杀虫剂、华戎号 1.5 %甲胺基阿维菌素苯甲酸乳液 ,均稀释 10 0 0倍进行杀螺实验 ,结果发现含阿维菌素的微生物农药杀螺效果较好 (95 %— 10 0 % ) ,华戎号在 4 8— 72h之间其杀螺率均为 10 0 % ,而含BT的微生物农药杀螺效果相对较差(70 %— 95 % )。将微生物农药喷洒土壤进行的杀螺实验。结果表明 ,华戎号的杀螺效果较好 ,处理 4 8h后 ,杀螺率为 10 0 % ,千分之一的五酚钠溶液为对照杀螺剂 ,其杀螺率为 10 0 %。清水对照液的杀螺率为 0 %。     

一株能降解有机磷农药甲胺磷的光合细菌HP-1的分离及生物学特性的研究

从湖南农药厂甲胺磷废水和污泥中分离到光合细菌菌株18株,经过初步筛选得到1株可降解甲胺磷(metham idophos)的菌株HP-1,红色圆形菌落,边缘整齐光滑,中间稍稍突起,菌落直径0.64～2.60mm,菌革兰氏染色阴性G-,细菌单个细胞短杆形或弯曲杆形,(0.40～0.70)μm×(1.2～2.0)μm,不对称出芽分裂,细胞具有极生鞭毛或亚极生鞭毛,片层状光合内膜位于细胞膜下并与之平行,初步鉴定为沼泽红假单胞菌(Rhodopesudomonas plaustris).培养7d后,能够降解甲胺磷(65.20%,500m g/L和49.60%,1000m g/L),且在外加碳源时能提高其降解性能,还能降解乐果、毒死蜱、三唑磷和辛硫磷.该菌株发酵液能够促进萝卜种子萌发,提前发芽时间,具有促生生物学活性.     

茉莉花蕾螟的田间综合防治技术

在广西横县进行了人工释放赤眼蜂、喷施无公害生物农药、黑光灯诱杀成虫等技术协调组合防治茉莉花蕾螟的田间示范试验。试验结果表明 :处理区茉莉花农药残留降低 90 %以上 ,农药残留指标达到中华人民共和国农业行业标准NY5 0 1 7 2 0 0 1的要求 ;防治效果显著提高 ,防治成本降低 3 9.2 % ,为农户增收节支约 280 5 .0元 /hm2 。     

土壤有效硅对大豆生长发育和生理功能的影响

人工调节土壤有效硅含量及盆栽试验,研究土壤有效硅对大豆生长发育和生理功能的影响.结果表明,土壤有效硅含量在55.1～202.8mg·kg^-1范围内,随着土壤有效硅含量的提高,大豆种子萌发过程中蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性升高,淀粉酶活性无显著变化,呼吸速率加快,种子活力升高,萌发速度加快,种子萌发率无显著变化;幼苗生长过程中叶片叶绿素含量无显著变化,光合速率加快,根系活力、硝酸还原酶活力升高,蒸腾强度减弱,水分利用效率和叶含水量升高,抗旱保水能力提高.大豆幼苗含硅量与土壤有效硅含量呈线性正相关趋势(r=0.994).土壤有效硅含量大于202.8mg·kg^-1,生理功能不再显著变化,说明土壤中的硅被大豆吸收后,改善了大豆萌发种子和幼苗的生理功能,使种子萌发和幼苗生长加快.     

潮汕地区农药植物资源初探

潮汕地区农药植物资源十分丰富。初步调查统计共有 88科 2 39种 ,其中蕨类植物 4种 ,裸子植物 6种 ,被子植物2 2 9种 ,这些农药植物均具有杀虫作用。本文对潮汕地区农药植物的研究和合理开发利用提出了若干建议     

蔬菜中有机磷农药残留的高效液相色谱分析

应用高效液相色谱法测定蔬菜中有机磷农药残留量。采用高效液相色谱法,C18色谱柱、流动相为甲醇：水(V：V)=70：30,用紫外检测器检测。测定了蔬菜中甲1605和久效磷两种常用有机磷农药的残留量。该法相关性好,线性范围广,精密度高,准确度好。     

植物精油对烟草甲害虫的毒力测定

采用密闭熏蒸方法,测定了多种植物精油对烟草甲害虫的熏杀活性.结果表明供试植物精油之间对同一害虫存在着较大差异,而供试精油桉叶油、大叶留兰香油、小叶留兰香油、冬青油对该种害虫具有很高的熏杀毒力.植物精油是极有开发利用前景的植物性杀虫剂.     

Metals,trace elements,and organochlorine compounds in bottom sediment of Tuttle Creek Lake,Kansas, U.S.A.

Bottom-sediment cores were used to investigate the occurrence of 44 metals and trace elements, and 15 organochlorine compounds in Tuttle Creek Lake, a reservoir with an agricultural basin in northeast Kansas, U.S.A. On the basis of U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sediment-quality guidelines, concentrations of Ag, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn frequently or typically exceeded the threshold-effects levels for toxic biological effects. Organochlorine compounds either were not detected or were detected at concentrations generally below the threshold-effects levels. Statistically significant positive depositional trends were determined for several elements. However, because the vertical profiles of element concentrations typically indicated a bimodal distribution and much of the variability could be attributable to analytical variance, the statistical trends may not represent actual trends. DDE concentrations reflected the history of DDT use. Substantial increases in grain corn and soybean production, irrigated land, and hog production in the basin have not had a discernible effect on sediment quality in the reservoir. Future research focused on small impoundments throughout the basin may enhance understanding of the effects of human activity on sediment quality within the Tuttle Creek Lake system and elsewhere.